Prabalgad Fort

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Prabalgad Fort, also known as Kalavantin Durg (Kalavantin’s Fort), is located between Matheran and Panvel in the Indian state of Maharashtra, at an elevation of 2,300 feet in the Western Ghats.

The fort can be approached via a chillingly steep climb. The steps leading up to the fort were cut into the rock of the hill. There are no safety rails on the edge and no ropes on the wall to grab on to.

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According to legend the fort was built for a queen named Kalavantin but that really seems to be all that anybody knows.

The fort was conquered by Shivaji from the Mughals in 1657, after he establishing himself in the Kalyan-Bhivandi area. At the time of the attack the fort was governed by Kesar Singh, a Mughal sardar, and was the only fort to put up a strong resistance.

On seeing the signs of defeat the women in the fort performed Jauhar, a tradition of self immolation to ensure an honorable and respectful death.

The fort consists of a temple to Ganesh as well as a few remaining ruins.

Top photo via rohit gowaikar on flickr.
Bottom two photos via dinesh_valke, also on flickr.

Via Amusing Planet.

Secret Nuclear Missile Launch Code During Cold War Was 00000000

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[F]or 15 years during the Cold War, the code meant to prevent unauthorized launching of the United States’ arsenal of Minuteman nuclear missiles was apparently “00000000.”

The alarmingly insecure “Permissive Action Link” (PAL) code first came to light in 2004, after Bruce Blair, a former Minuteman missile launch control officer, disclosed it in a column for the Center for Defense Information.

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This has been racing across the Internet, though most of the stories I have been seeing have been neglecting a rather critical point; this code was only for the physical launch of the missiles, that is, not the arming of the actual nuclear warheads.

Meaning, if someone somehow had captured a silo, they could theoretically launch missiles, but they wouldn’t create a nuclear detonation on impact.

Then again, the Soviets wouldn’t’ve known that, so presumably would have launched actual armed nukes…hm, maybe this really was as bad as it seemed in the early articles, albeit not in quite the way originally presented.

Via Huffington Post.

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Mapping Rome’s Maze of Tunnels to Keep City From Collapsing

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Deep under the streets and buildings of Rome is a maze of tunnels and quarries that dates back to the very beginning of this ancient city.

In 2011, there were 44 incidents of streets or portions of structures collapsing into the quarries, a number that rose to 77 in 2012 and 83 to date in 2013.

To predict and prevent such collapses, George Mason University geoscientists Giuseppina Kysar Mattietti and scientists from the Center for Speleoarchaeological Research (Sotterranei di Roma) are mapping high-risk areas of the quarry system.

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Volcanism created the land Rome was built upon. These volcanic rocks, or tuff, were a boon to Rome’s earliest architects, who soon learned the tuff was strong and easy to carve into building blocks. Lighter, less compacted volcanic ash was used as a main ingredient in mortar.

I had heard the Romans used volcanic ash in their mortar, but had always wondered why they had started doing that. Well, there you go.

Via NBC News.

The Map of London on a Lady’s Glove of 1851

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A leather glove painted with a map of London landmarks, it was designed to help fashionable ladies find their way to and from the Great Exhibition held in London’s Hyde Park in 1851.

As far as we know, the glove was never produced commercially. This example survives because its creator, George Shove, chose to protect his design by registering it with the government.

This involved depositing a “representation”, which was a sample, a drawing or a photograph of the design, at the Office of the Registrar of Designs.

Via The National Archives.

Ancient Iron Furnace Site Uncovered in Poland

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Excavations at Kanie (Mazovia Voivodeship) in Poland have uncovered the second largest centre of iron production in this area, dating back 2000 years.

Robert Wereda of the Museum of Ancient Mazovia Metallurgy in Pruszków explained, “We found 22 furnaces filled to varying degrees with slag and residue and intense black burn, and two half-dugouts, which contained numerous pottery shards.”

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The Przeworsk culture is seen as an amalgam of a series of localized cultures and is often associated with the Vandals who are thought to have migrated out of Scandinavia into the Baltic coast of Poland in the 2nd century BCE.

These Iron Age tribes had peripheral connections with the Roman Empire.

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Via Past Horizons.

The Katzenklavier: A Piano Made of (Live) Howling Cats to Cure Psychiatric Disorders

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The existing drawings, based on historical descriptions of the Katzenklavier, suggested that the instrument consisted of a keyboard, with seven to nine cats held in cages corresponding to the approximate pitch of their mewling.

Each of the cats’ tails is stretched out and held down. Above each tail is a nail. Depressing a key assigned to a specific cat causes a mechanism to drive the nail into the tail resulting in a shriek from the poor animal.

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It was invented sometime in the 17th century by Athanasius Kircher, a German Jesuit renaissance man operating in the fields of medicine, oriental studies and geology.

[T]he device was intended to shake mental patients who had lost the ability to focus out of a “fixed state” and into “conscious awareness”. The patient must be placed so that they are sitting in direct view of the cats’ expressions when the psychiatrist plays a fugue on the infernal instrument.

Via The Guardian.